Functions of Unions in Modern Australian Industrial Relations Research Paper

Functions of Unions in Modern Australian Industrial Relations - Research Paper Example The formal amendments in the formation of industrial relations have also been escorted by dramatic shifts in the organization and operation of trade unions (Hawke and Wooden, 1998, pp. 74-76). Trade union membership has dropped down from around 50 percent of the labor force in the mid of 1970 to 31 percent by 1996. Trade union formations have also altered. Ten years ago there were above 300 different trade unions, most of which were too small and occupational- or craft-based. Today, only some of these small craft-based unions still subsist. Union membership is now focused in a handful of huge industry and multi-industry unions. Another demonstration of the varying nature of industrial relations arrangement in Australia has been the fall in the rate of trade union membership. The union members symbolized more than half the total labor force during the mid-1970s. Since then, the ratio has fallen by about nineteen percentage points (Bodman, 1996). Trade union formation has also been put through vast change. To a certain extent in response to the turn down in membership, the trade union group has vigorously followed a policy of incorporations and rationalization (Leigh, 2004, p.174). Australian Bureau of Statistics values specifies that in 1970 there were 347 vigorous trade unions in Australia and by 1990 this figure was changed to 299. Over the succeeding six years, however, this figure fell dramatically and found to be only 132 at 30 June 1996. Moreover, only 46 of these unions were enrolled under the Federal Industrial Relations Reform Act. Union Reaction to Change All through this century, the primary objective of trade unions has been quite straightforward, that is, to get improved remuneration and stipulations for its membership. In attaining this objective, the union movement arranges and found support in three major macroeconomic policies - centralized remuneration determination, protectionism and essential mediation, and the White Australia immigration policy - all of which assisted to protect the labor market from the vagaries of the market, and particularly foreign markets. By the end of the twentieth century, however, the union movement emerges to have identified that Australia can no more afford not to consider of itself as a fundamental part of the world economy. To do so will inexorably mean declining living standards corresponding to the rest of the world. This has been echoed in a vigilant shift in policy away from conventional 'laborism' towards what has turned out to be known as strategic unionism.

Why do people bullying Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why do people bullying - Research Paper Example Some of his classmates revealed that he was a victim of bullying for years. Some said that they saw it coming but did not expect it to be that far. Another victim, another life was lost because of bullying. Bullying has been a social issue that concerns all people from different walks of life. It has a number of reasons as well as effects. Various experts have conducted studies and wrote manuscripts about it. Over the years, more and more people have become aware about the matter. Indeed, bullying is a serious social concern that needs to be appropriately addressed by each sector and individual. There is no single definition of bullying. Several authors have explained it in various ways. Nonetheless, the definitions boil down to similar factors such as physical, verbal, and psychological behaviors (De Voe, and Chandler 1). It is the employment of force, abuse, or intimidation. Bullying can take in different forms like hitting, sarcastic comments, and insulting gestures. Few countries have policies regarding it. Nonetheless, there are already passed bills in the United States. This kind of violence is quite common than what people usually think (Romain 90). Evidences have shown that more than a few children have been targets of bullies. From childhood, this continues to affect teenagers, and even adults in the workplace. According to the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 20% of students in grade school suffered from bullying. Furthermore, the National Youth Violence Prevention Resources Center stated that around 25% of American students get bullied. The students having immoderate attributes such as homosexuality and obesity have higher risks of being victims. There are many factors attributing to the occurrence of bullying. These can be social issues, family factors, personal history, or provocative targets. For example, much of social recognition comes from having power or authority. In order for others to sense one’s supremacy, abuse is sometimes being utilized. Homes that do not foster respect and acceptance are likely to produce children who are not empathetic. This leads to selfish and insensitive behaviors. Researches have also revealed that people who have personally suffered from bullying are likely to bully others as well. Furthermore, there are certain people who can be really annoying for some. This kind of characteristic makes others goaded to abuse or intimidate. There are certain motives why some people become violent and demean others. Mostly, children bully because they want to ascertain their social status. They want to be perceived as â€Å"cool† or popular. This is affected by the social constructs that afflict the community. Those who appear bossy and insensitive are regarded positively by many. Another probable factor is the presence of role models. Some become bullies because of social learning. They want the recognition or reinforcements that other bullies have had. Moreover, violence in mass med ia has greatly affected young mind sets. More and more characters are being portrayed to be terrorized. Also, the mere show of violence in the contents of the films influences viewers to be likewise aggressive in their dealings with the people around them. Bullying affects an individual’s physical, social and mental, and emotional aspects. Due to the pressures involved, victims experience depression and angst (Coloroso 53). Related are emotions of sadness and seclusion. If not intervened, these negative feelings may persist until adulthood. Furthermore, a person’s sense of self lessens due to a negative concept brought about by the oppression that he has

Cancer Registry Annual Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cancer Registry Annual Report - Coursework Example ology program will move, it evaluates the protocols and the quality of care available using both external and internal sources of data and puts forward recommendations that could help to bring about improvements to meet the required regulatory standards. The total number of patients treated for cancer this year was 590, of which 268 were male and 249 were female. Lung and breast cancer reported the highest incidence of cancer; among the males the highest incidences were of lung and colon cancer, while among the females, the highest incidences were of breast and cervical cancer. The largest number of all cancer types occurs between the ages of 41 to 60, followed by the ages 61 to 75. During the diagnosis stage, 262 cancer cases were localized, while 230 were regional. In most instances, i.e., 49 cases, diagnosis was made by bronchoscopy, while 22 were made by percutaneous biopsy. There has been a steady rise in the number of lung cancer cases from 2001 to 2005, with the steepest rise occurring between 2003-4. The most common age when a lung cancer diagnosis has been made is between the ages of 65 to 74. The Oncology standards at this hospital are quite high, because the primary purpose of the Oncology Committee is to direct and evaluate the Oncology program and to suggest recommendations for improvement. The organization has received commendation by the Commission on Cancer, which is also the reason why it has received funding. The hospital specializes in lung cancer, but various other forms of cancer are also treated. Mr. Johannson, the CEO has set achievement of quality as one of the most important organizational goals, which has led to the achievement of awards and accreditation for the hospital. The head of the Oncology program is Nancy Turlick and she has been the prime mover behind implementing these quality of care standards and based upon the results the hospital has achieved, the standards of care at the hospital have been revised. Hospital data is

Evidence and Expert Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evidence and Expert - Coursework Example I chose this goal because my company is transitioning from a paper to electronic patient records to meet meaningful use requirements set out by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical health Act. The organizational planning goal focuses on staffing and management of patients’ flow. I chose this as a goal because poor staffing is problem that adversely affects a health care provider’s ability to provide quality care. An insufficiency of staff members to manage the on-call system has led to lots of complaints from patients. The objective of my organizational goal is to find a solution to help the on-call system function more efficiently, preventing staff burn out and improving patient care. Goal 1: Leadership development My Leadership development goal focuses on learning how to use the Advance Care Web Portal to search patient information, and communicate with scheduling, management, and pharmaceutical staff. The Web Portal is also used for creating and submitting nursing documentation. This knowledge will help me in identifying how patients can manage their health care without relying on the traditional office visit. Furthermore, I will be in a better position to use technology to link with the patients in different ways, including use of online platform to provide patient registration forms, sending appointment information anywhere anytime, use turn on/off features to realize full customization and to share lad data and results the HER of the Cerner. Peer – Reviewed Article To find more information in this area, I have reviewed an article by Kulhanek Brenda and Mark Kulhanek (Kulhanek and Kulhanek, 2013). This article is applicable to my smart goal because it addresses the challenges faced by my company and how these affect my personal practice. The article has highlighted very important information regarding adoption of Electronic Medical Records (EMR), hence making it easy to understand the benefits and challenges that an organization can experience following adoption of technology. The article has also highlighted the EMR benefits of efficiency and quality, and most importantly offered very crucial information on why leaders should empower members of the patient care team to effectively adopt technology as a fundamental component of the patient care process. Hynes et al. (2010) have written the other article that I used to further examine my leadership development goal. The authors have evaluated the role of Health Inf ormation Technology (HIT), as well as the barriers related to implementation of HIT. This information is very vital because I have been able to understand why realizing the benefits of HIT in health care has remained problematic, and I can use this knowledge to strategize how to address such problems in my organization. Credible Website In an effort to assist heath care providers in adopting and implementing electronic health records, the federal government has a website meant for this purpose (HealthIT.gov. 2013). This web site provides (synonym) health care providers and professionals with the information and tolls necessary to transition from paper medical records to an electronic health record. Information topics for providers are the benefits of EHR, how to implement and EHR, protecting patient privacy utilizing EHR, and incentives to adopting and EHR. The website provides implementers with educational videos. This page also provides educational case studies and transitional st rategies for adopting a HER, and resources connecting providers with information technology professionals. Information expert interview analysis In

Reflective Account Essay Example for Free

Reflective Account Essay This seemed to keep his mind off worrying about were his wife or daughter was and stopped him from wanting to walk about the ward. After a while the patient asked if he could lie down for a while, and I explained that this was ok. I lowered the bed for the patient as low as it would go, to prevent the patient from falling or injuring himself while climbing into the bed. By doing this I was following the guidelines set out by the health and safety at work act 1972 and carrying out risk assessments to prevent harm to myself or others. Once the patient had got into the bed safely I put the bed side up to prevent him from falling out while he was sleeping, I then gave him his buzzer. Before leaving the room I asked the patient if he would like the room door left open or closed over, by doing this I was promoting the patients right to choice and individuality. I then left the room and closed the door as the patient had requested, and told the staff nurse in charge of him, that he was now sleeping, and that I had emptied his catheter bag and updated the fluid balance chart. I had to tell the staff nurse that I had left the room, so that if anything happened they knew that I was not there, as I would be accountable for it. Being accountable for my actions is one of the NMC code of conduct and is in line with professional accountability. I think that this task was very fulfilling as I was able to help other staff around me, as well as keep a patient calm. I enjoyed talking to the patient and found it very interesting. It also allowed me to practice keeping patient’s charts up to date. References

Indirect Tension Test Analysis

Indirect Tension Test Analysis IDT The indirect tension test involves applying compressive loads on cylindrical specimen. This would develop uniform tensile stress perpendicular to direction of applied load as shows in figure1. Resulted horizontal and vertical tensile deformation is measured using linear variable displacement transducers(LVDTS). The specimen is loaded until splitting along axis of applied load as shows in figure 2 [1].   Different type of loading mode, temperature and device setup modification were used to measure different material properties. IDT test have many advantages such as simplicity in accompanying test, and preparation samples. Specimens failure is started in uniform tensile stress, and it is not affected by surface condition of specimen make it popular test in pavement .   [2] AC mixture properties obtained by load, displacement time plots at different loading mode and temperature as shows in figures 2.   Initially, IDT was used to measure strength of specimen. It was defined as the maximum load on specimen until failure. It is loaded with constant deformation rate at specified temperature until failure. The strength was obtained by dividing peak load of specimen, on it diameter and thickness using u equation 1.The detailed procedure is described in [4], where it was recommended to test material with 50mm/min loading rate , at 77 °F Equation 1 Where: St = tensile strength, kPa (psi)P = maximum load, N (lbf)t = specimen height immediately before tensile test, mm(in.), D = specimen diameter, mm (in.) Indirect Tensile Creep Tests In addition, ITD is used to conduct creep compliance test on mixture.   These values was addressed by Superpave specification to prevent thermal cracking, also, it is one of primary inputs in ASSHTO ME design method. Creep compliance represent ratio between time-dependent (creep) strain to applied stress as function of time. It is reflected the stiffness and time-dependence of material .[2].. In this test, the specimen is loaded with constant static load, that make Maximum measured horizontal strain below 500-10-6 mm. Three measurement is taken at three different temperature, selected based in PG grading of binder. The creep compliance calculated as function of time   using equationS 2,3. The detailed procedure is described in [5]. Equation 2 Equation 3 Where: D(t) = creep compliance at time t (kPa) GL = gauge length in meters (0.038 meters for 150 mm diameter specimens) Davg = average diameter of all specimens [typically 3] (nearest 0.001 meter) bavg = average thickness of all specimens [typically 3] (nearest 0.001 meter) Pavg = average creep load (kN) ΔXtm,t = trimmed mean of the normalized, horizontal deformations (nearest 0.001meter) of all specimen faces [typically 6] at time t (X/Y)absolute value of the ratio of the normalized, trimmed mean of the horizontal Also, it was used to determine resilient modulus of pavement mixture. Resilient modulus is stiffness measurement, reflecting material behavior within undamaged loading mode. It was defined as ratio between applied stress to recoverable strain.   Within IDT device a cyclic load is applied to give specimen enough time to recoverable it is strain. Each cycle included applying compressive load, followed by rest period. Horizontal and vertical recoverable deformation is recorded within test as shows in figure 3. It is used to calculate Passions ratios, to obtain the resilient modulus using equation 2 and 3. Two different values of resilient modulus could be obtained, based on measured deformation. Instantaneous resilient modulus depends on instantaneous recoverable deformation during unloading of each cycle.   Total resilient modulus is obtained using total recoverable deformation including both instantaneous and time-dependent recoverable deformation. Detailed test procedure is descr ibed in[6]. Three specimens with (4 or 6) in diameter, (1.5 or 2) height are tested at (77 ±2F). Initially, 100 loading cycles are applied, to get five stable cycle with less than 1 % change on resilient modulus. Loading levels are selected as   ( 10 20 ) percentage of one specimen. Instantaneous deformation is represented as difference between peak and curve deformation. Total deformation was determined as difference between peak and end of one loaded- unloaded cycle as shows in figure 3. Figure 3[6] load, displacement time plots for IDT test output Equation 2 Equation 3 Where : µ = Poissons ratio,ÃŽ ´v = the recoverable vertical, mm (in.)ÃŽ ´h = the recoverable horizontal   deformation, mm (in.) MR = resilient modulus of elasticity, MPa (psi),ÃŽ ´h = recoverable horizontal deformation, mm (in.), I1,I2,I3,I4: Constant values depends on   gauge length as a fraction of diameter specimen µ = instantaneous or total Poissons ratio,t = thickness of specimen, mm (in.),Pcyclic = Pmax Pcontact = cyclic load applied to specimen, N(lb),Pmax = maximum applied load, N (lb) andPcontact = contact load, N (lb) Indirect Tensile Fatigue Tests IThe specimen tested for fatigue under repeated load mode. The fatigue life was represented by number of cycle until failure during the test.Different fatigue criteria were developed within on IDT test. Number of cycles to complete failure (Nf); or 50 %   reduction in resilient modulus of its initial value was used [7].[8] defined it as   when the   permeant horizontal deformation ranges between 0.25-0.38 in. However   [3]   found dramatically increasing in total horizontal deformation was happened after a value of 0.1 in and select as failure criteria. [9] define it as the point when horizontal deformation increase in faster rate more than constant rate. [10]   select   a value of   9 mm   of total vertical deformation as failure criteria.[11], introduced theoretical criteria based on energy ratio for both control stress and strain mode of loading. [2] introduced logit model used fracture energy as indicator for fatigue based on fatigue cracking.[12]   used visco elastic continuum damage (VECD) model   to predict fatigue life. A single-characteristic curve of an asphalt mixture and is independent of loading types (C1-S1 curve) model was used. A 50 % reduction in normalized pseudostiffness (C1) was selected as failure criteria.   [13] introduced new approach based on crack development. Two digital cameras were used to record development of cracks every minute. The failure criteria was selected as number loading cycle when rapid crack beginning. Two asphalt mixture, dense graded and stone mastic were tested based on AASHTP TP9-96. Control-stress mode of loading was used at 20 C with 10HZ frequency. Two digital cameras were used to record development of cracks every minute, as shows in the figure 3. Scion Image software was used to analysis results images. Both length and width of cracks was recorded. The failure criteria was selected as number loading cycle when rapid crack beginning. Figure 4[13] overlay tester   (OT) The overlay test was introduced by [14] to induced resulted displacement   from temperature change at layers below the overlay. The original OT was upgraded to test HMA laboratory mixes and field cores. The specimen size was modified to be obtained from superpave gyratory compactor samples (figure 6) and fully computer controlled system is used to control the test   [15] . The test setup shows in figure 7 two steel blocks, one free to slides horizontally, while the other is fixed. The sliding process reflects the opening and closing of cracks or joint in pavement thus, will represent the two-stage fatigue process in pavement. The crack initiation, includes growing of micro-cracks and the crack propagation, represented by macro cracks on surface layer .[16]. Figure 5 Overlat test setup,[15] Figure 6 OT Sample preparation[15] The Trimmed specimen is glued with epoxy between two blocks. The sliding is applied cyclic triangular waveform direct tension on the specimen. It is controlled with maximum displacement opening. The test could   be conducted with loading rate ranges (1-600) second/cycle, controlled opening displacement (0-0.08) and temperature between (32-77 F) [17].However, Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) published standardized test procedure designation (Tex-248-F. It was specified that the specimen is loaded   with 10 second cyclic controlled with   0.025 maximum displacement at 77+1F temperature.[18] Figure 7:overlay setup-Tex-248-F test [19] The crack resistance is represented based on number of cycle correspond to 93% in   maximum applied load in first cycle.   Ã‚   (Hu et al. 2008; Sheng and Ping 2016). However, [22] compare between different methods to analysis the data. The area under- the load-cycle response curve was used; the result shows no improvement in variability. In addition, the rate of load decrease was studied, it was unsatisfactory.   different load reduction percentage was tested as alternative for 93%. The 85% load reduction seem to be good. The test is recommend for performance measures for reflective cracks. [15] test field cores from different highways in taxas state. They suggest 300 cycle @93 % load reduction was selected as pass /failure criteria and 750 cycle was For the rich bottom layer. Also, New Jersey department of transportation (NJDOT) adopted OT test as performance measure for different mixes . The test conduct 10 second cyclic load controlled with   0.025 maximum displacement at   either 59 or 77 F. The failure criteria of specimen selected to be 93 % or until minimum 1200. The detailed procedure published in designation NJDOT B-10[23].   The design Binder-Rich Intermediate Course(BRIC) require minimum of a 700 cycle at 77F as pass criteria. For high rap mixes it is require minimum 150,175 For PG64-22,PG76-22 respectively for surface course while intermediate course required minimum 100,125 cycle for PG64-22,PG76-22 respectively[24].

Physics of Water Waves :: Lab Report

All waves possess the properties of reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. These phenomena's were observed with the use of a ripple tank. A ripple tank consists of a large rectangular tray with a transparent bottom. Water is placed in this tan to a depth of approximately one centimeter. A light source is then placed above the tray of water. When the water is disturbed it can be seen on a white surface positioned under the tray. The first phenomenon observed was reflection. It was found that water waves also follow the law of reflection. As straight waves strike a hard straight surface they are reflected at an angle equal to the angle of incidence. After reflection the wave has the same speed, frequency and wavelength as it did prior to the collision. This is similar to the reflection of circular waves off a straight barrier. The reflected waves are also circular, however they have a centre point that is position behind the barrier. This point is known as the "image" of the source. Reflection of a parabolic or concave barrier can be closely compared to that of light waves off a concave mirror. If the incident wave was straight, the reflected waves are curved, and they converge at a fixed focal point. After passing through the focus, the radius of the curves increase. The opposite is so when circular waves strike a concave barrier. The reflected waves are then straight. The next phenomenon observed was the refraction of water waves. The refraction was demonstrated in the ripple tank by dividing the tank into a deep and shallow region. This was achieved by placing a rectangular object into one end of the tank. When straight waves travel from a deep region of water into a shallow region, it is found that the speed of the waves is slower in the shallower region. Since the frequency of the wave stages the same, it is obvious that there must be a corresponding decrease in wavelength. If the waves pass from deep to shallow water at an angle other than